Life processes

Students First Terminal Exams is approaching. Let us revise the text book questions of chapter Life processes.
Q1. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicultural organisms like humans?
Ans . In unicellular organisms the entire surface of the organism is in contact with the environment. But in multicultural organisms all the cell may not be in direct contact with the surrounding environment. So diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of all the cells.
Q2. What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?
Ans. Living organisms must do breathing, movements, growth and development. Living creatures must keep repairing and maintaining their structures. They also produce their young ones.
Q3. What are outside raw materials used for by organisms?
Ans. Carbon based molecules like carbohydrates, proteins. and fats. Other molecules such as lipids, Vitamins and minerals are also essential.
Q4. What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?
Ans. Digestion, Respiration Transportation and Excretion are essential for maintaining life.

Nutrition
Q1. What are the differences between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?
Ans. Refer modes of nutrition given in the blog
Q2. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
Ans
1. CO2 –from atmosphere through stomata
2. H2O – From soil through roots.
3. Other raw materials like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and magnesium are taken up from the soil. Nitrogen is the most important material which is absorbed in the form of NO3-, NO2-.or is taken in the form of organic compounds which are prepared by bacteria from atmospheric nitrogen is used to form protein.

Nutrition in Plants

Autotrophic Nutrition: In this type of nutrition organisms makes its food itself by the process of photosynthesis. The organism takes CO2 and H2O from the environment and in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight makes its food in the form of carbohydrates (Glucose). It is the source of energy to the plants. Excess glucose is stored in the form of starch.
CO2 + H2O Chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6H2O+ 6O2
Sunlight
Steps of photosynthesis:
1. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy.
2. Splitting of water molecule and O2 is released.
3. Carbon dioxide is reduced to form carbohydrates.
Site of photosynthesis:
Transverse Section of leaf: In leaf two surfaces are present, upper epidermis and lower epidermis. In between the two epidermises mesophyll cells are present which are rich in chloroplast. Chlorophyll pigments are present in the chloroplast. Photosynthesis occurs in the chlorolopast of mesophyll cell of leaf.

Raw materials required for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide: The epidermis of leaf has minute pores called stomata through which exchange of gases takes place between leaf and environment. CO2 from environment enters into the leaf cells through stomata.
Water: Water is absorbed by roots of the plant from the soil. Water is conducted through xylem up to the leaves.
Q How do desert plants, in which the stomata are closed at day time, carry out photosynthesis?
Ans: In desert plants the stomata are closed during day time. At night stomata opens CO2 diffuses into the leaf cells and is converted into an intermediate compound called malic acid. In the day time CO2 is released from malic acid and used to form food in the presence light.
Q. Explain the structure of stomata with the help of diagram.

Stomata are minute pores present in the leaf epidermis. The opening and closing of stomata is regulated by two guard cells. Nucleus and cloroplasts are also present in the guard cells.They are protected by surrounding epidermal cells.
Q Write the mechanism of opening and closing of stomata?
Ans. When the guard cells gain water they become turgid or swollen and stomata opens. When the guard cells lose water they shrink and stomata closes.
Q When plants do close their stomata?
Ans. When plants do not need CO2 for plants their stomata are closed. This also prevents the loss of water from the plant by transpiration.
Q,. How do plants get other materials for its growth and developments?
Plants need other minerals like N, S, Mg, Zn, Ca, P etc .Plants take these materials from the soil with the help of roots. The most important mineral is N. It is absorbed in the form of nitrate or nitrite and are used to form proteins.

Nuttrition

It is the process in which organisms obtains and utilize its food. It includes ingestion, digestion, absorption of digested food and egestion.
Functions of food
1. It provides energy to do work.
2. It provides raw materials necessary for growth, development, reproduction and for the synthesis of variety of substances in the body.
3. It helps in repairing damaged cells and tissues.
Modes of Nutrition:
1. Autotrophic Nutrition: In this type of nutrition organisms makes its food itself by the process of photosynthesis. The organism takes CO2 and H2O from the environment and in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight makes its food in the form of carbohydrates (Glucose). It is the source of energy to the plants. Excess glucose is stored in the form of starch.
CO2 +H2O Chlorophyll C6H12O6 +6O2
Sunlight

Heterotrophic Nutrition: It is the type Nutrition in which organisms can not make its own food directly and indirectly.

Types of heterotrophic nutrition:
1. Holozoic Nutrition: The animals engulf the food material which is a complex molecule and is broken down into simpler substances. It involves ingestion, digestion, absorption of digested food and egestion e.g. animals

2. Saprophytic Nutrition: The organisms feed on dead and decaying matter like fungi, molds, yeast, and mushroom. The enzymes are released outside the body from the dead organic matter. Enzymes break the complex organic matter into simple substances. Soluble forms of this substance are then absorbed by the organisms.
rtf
3. Parasitic Nutrition: When an organism takes its food from other living organisms without killing them. The organism is called parasite and from whom the food is taken is called host. The parasites live on or inside the body of their host e.g. round worm, tapeworm, ticks cuscuta etc.

Cuscuta

ASSIGNMENT

Management of Natural Resources
1. Define the term natural resource.
2. What is meant by the term ‘sustainable development?
3. What are the three R’s to save the environment?
4. Name the project launched to clean Ganga. ? Explain with one example each.
5. What does presence of coli form in water indicate?
6. What is the pH of neutral sample of water?
7. What do you mean by recycle?
8. What do you understand by re use of material?
9. What do you mean by re use? Explain it with example.
10.Name the 4 main of stake holders in the management of forest resources?
11. What is silvi culture? What are its advantages
12.Name the major industries which are based on forest produces?
13.Why should we conserve forest & wild life?
14.What changes would you suggest in your home or in school in order to be environment friendly?
15.How participation of the local people lead to efficient management of forest.
16.Give an account of the 4 stake holders of forest.
17.1. What are the main reasons why human beings are over exploiting the forest?
2.What are the effects of deforestation?
3.Name the different measures taken up for the conversation of forest.
18.Write a short note on Chipko Andolan
19.What is Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award?
20.Name the major programmes started to replenish forest.
21.Name any 5 sources of water?
22.State the advantages of constructing dams across the river?
23.Explain why despite o good rains, we are not able to meet the demand for water or all the people in our country?
24.What is Ganga Action Plan? When was it implemented?
25.Name the irrigation project in M.P. that resulted in water logging?
26.Describe any three problems associated with construction of dams?
27.What is Narmada Bachao Andolan?
28.Name 2 factors which can be used to find whether river water has been contaminated?
29.What do you mean by rain water harvesting?
30.Name some of the common methods used or rain water harvesting by the rural people?
31.What are the various advantages of the water stored in the ground?
32.Describe the “ Khadin” System of rain water harvesting practiced in Rajasthan?
33.What are Fossils fuels? How are coal and petroleum formed? Why are they should be used judiciously?
34.Write the 4 steps which can be taken to conserve fossils fuel?
35.How do coal and petroleum based fuels affect us and our environment?

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Our Environment
1.What do you mean by Environment?

2.What is an ecosystem?

3.What are biodegradable substances? Give two examples.

4.What are non - biodegradable substances? Give two examples.

5. Name the two basic components of an ecosystem.
6.Name any three biotic components.
7.Name the a biotic components of an ecosystem.

8. Name some naural ecosystem.

9. Name some man made ecosystem.

10.What are producers? Give example other thangreen plants?

11. What are consumers?Give two examples.

12.What are Herbivores?Give two examples.

13. What areCarnivores?Give two examples.

14.. What areOmnivores?Give two examples.

15. What are decomposers? How do decomposers create a balancein the environment

or

What is the role of decomposers in the ecosystem?

or

Explain how will it affect the environment if the decomposers are removed from the ecosystem.

16. What is a food chain?

17. What are the steps of food chain called?

18. Define food web?

19. Write the food chain operated in a fresh water pond. Mention the food habit of each trophic level.

20. Give an example of a grassland food chain consisting of four organisma at different trophic levels. Give the scientific term used to indicate the first and third trophic level.

21. Draw schematic diagrams of a food chain and a food web.

22.Describe with the help of diagram show energy flows through different trophic levels in a food chain.

23. What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level?

24. Differentiate between food chain and food web. Give suitable examlples of each.

25. Why we say energy flow in the biosphere is unidirectional?

26. Which food chain are advantageous in terms of energy? Support your answer giving one example.

27. Consider the food chain. Grass-----Deer------Lion What will happen if lions are removed from the above food chain?

28. The amount of energy that will be available to the plants from the sun is 20,000 J. Calculate the amount of energy available to the lion in the following food chain.
Plant----Deer----Lion

29.Calculate the amount of energy that will be available to fish in the following food chain, if 10,000 J of energy is available to small algae from the sun.Small algae---- Zooplankton------ Fish-----Big fish

30. A food chain consists of the following members. If the last member recieves 30 J of energy, make a diagrammatic representation to show the flow of energy.
Snake, Vulture, Plants, and Rat

31. Why number of trophic levels in a food chain is not more then 4 or 5.

32. What is a ten percent law?

33. How will you justify that "vegetarian food habits give us more calories"? Represent it with the help of a 3 step food chain.

34.What is biological magnification?

35. Explain the process of biological magnification?

36. If a harmful chemical enters a food chain comprising snakes, peacock. mice and plants. Which of these organisms is likely to have the maximum concentrations of this chemical in its body.Give reason.

37.What is Ozone?

38. What is the importance of ozone layer?

39.What is ozone depletion?

40.State the effects caused by the depletion of the layer?

41. Give the name of the chemicals which are responsible for thinning of ozone layers.

Assignment-HERIDITY AND EVOLUTON

1. What is heredity?
2. Define inheritance?
3. Name the plant on which Mendel performed his experiment?
4. Who is called “Father of Genetics”?
5. Why did Mandel select pea plant for his experiment?
6. What are the basic steps of Mendel’s experiment?
7. Name any four contrasting traits studied by Mendel in garden pea plant.
8. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive?
9. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits are inherited independently?
10 What term did Mendel use for what we now call the genes?
11. Mendel crossed true breeding plants of terminal flower (AA) and axillary (aa) flowers. He found plants of terminal flower appeared in F1 generation. He also carried out F2 generation. Which trait is dominant? What would be the ratio in F2 generation? Show the cross.
12. The gene for red hair is recessive to the gene for black hair. What will be the hair colour of a person if he inherits a gene for red hair from his mother and a gene for black hair from his father?
13. In humans, if gene B gives brown eyes and gene b gives blue eyes what will be the colour of eyes of the persons having the following combination of genes?
1) Bb
2) Bb
3) BB

14. What are genes where are they located in our body?
15. What do dominant genes and recessive genes mean? Give an example of each
16. Explain how, characteristic (or traits) are inherited through genes?
17. Study the given data and answer the question following the data.
Parental plants cross fertilised and seeds collected
1. Male parent always bore red flowers and female parents always had white flowers
2. 330 seeds sown and observed
3. All 330 gave red flowers in F1 generation
4. Out of 44 seeds 33 seeds gave plants with red flowers and 11 seeds gave plants with white flowers in F1 generation

1. What is the term for this type of cross?
2. What does the data of the column marked F1 indicate?
3. Express the genotype of the a) parents b) F1 progeny c) F2 progeny
18. The genotype of green-stemmed tomato plants is denoted as GG and that of purple-stemmed tomato plants as gg. When these two are crossed,
1. What colour of stem would you expect in their F1 progeny?
2. Give the percentage of purple-stemmed plants if F1 plants are self-pollinated.
3. In what ratio would you find the genotype GG and Gg in the F2 progeny?
19. How many X – chromosomes are present in the cells of normal female?
20. How many types of gametes do a male produce?
21. How is the sex of a child determined?
22. In humans genetically the father or mother determines the sex of a child?
23. What will be the sex of a child who inherits X- chromosome from the father?
24. If a sperm carrying Y- chromosome fertilizes an ovum that carries X chromosome what will be sex of the born child?
25. If a sperm carrying X- chromosome fertilizes an ovum that carries X chromosome what will be sex of the born child?
26. Name one reptile in each case where higher incubation temperature leads to the development of:
a. Male progeny
b. Female progeny
27. Name an animal in which individuals can change sex? What does this indicates?
28. What is meant by acquired and inherited traits? Explain with one example each.
29. Why are the traits acquired during the lifetime of an individual not inherited?
30. Define evolution.
31. Who gave the idea of evolution of species by natural selection?
32. Name the various tools of tracing evolutionary relationships which have been used for studying human evolution.
33. What are homologous organs? Give one example of it.
34. What are analogous organs? Give one example of it.
35. Why are wings of birds and bats called as analogous organs?
36. The forelimbs of frog, reptiles, birds, and a man show the same basic design of bones. What name is given to such organs?
37. What are fossils? Give any three examples
38. Explain importance of the fossils in deciding the evolutionary relationships?
39. How the age of fossils can be estimated?
40. Answer the following on the basis of the figure given on the page no.
1 Why the number of green beetle increased in 1st Why the case?
2 Why the number of green beetle increased in 2nd case?
3 What is the cause of evolution in 1st and 2nd case?
41 What is genetic drift?
42 What is natural selection?
43. Is there evolution occurring in the 3rd case?
44 What is speciation?
45. How is a new species formed?
46. What are the factors responsible for speciation?
47 Explain why evolution can cot be said to progress from lower forms to higher forms?
48. How will you conclude that birds are closely related to reptiles? Why are the small numbers of surviving tigers a cause of worry from the point of view of genetics?
49 Why are human beings who look so different from each other in terms of size, colour, and looks said to belong to the same species?
50. What is artificial selection?
51. How do five varieties of vegetables produced from wild cabbage by the process of artificial selection?

freemindmaps

This is a mindmap for class IX to revise the topic Animalia Kingdom , Plantae Kingdom given in Classification of living organisms.
http://www.freemindshare.com/map/bdpz4DFJNY/
http://www.freemindshare.com/map/adhij6MOVW/